Robert Spaet obtained his BS and MS degrees in Zoology from Eastern Illinois University (1971, 1973). He began his career as a Sr. Research Technician at the Franklin McClean Memorial Research Institute, University of Chicago, before joining GD Searle Laboratories in Skokie, IL as a Parapathologist (1973-76). He became a Research and Teaching Assistant at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center in Oklahoma City and completed coursework towards a PhD in Anatomic and Experimental Pathology (1975-77) before joining Ciba-Geigy Pharmaceuticals in June 1977 as a Scientist II in Pathology, Preclinical Safety. He also completed his oral and written exams for a PhD in Anatomic Pathology at University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ), Newark, NJ in 1984 while working for CIBA. Robert’s core training and expertise lies in toxicologic pathology within the framework of drug safety assessment and is accredited by the International Academy of Toxicologic Pathology. He has also had full time experience as a Study Director and is certified as a Diplomate, American Board of Toxicology. Robert has written many scientific papers in the field of toxicology and toxicologic pathology and holds full membership in several prominent professional societies including the Society of Toxicologic Pathology (US [Silver Member/Bronze Contributor) and Europe), Society of Toxicology, American College of Toxicology, and is a member of the Roundtable of Toxicology Consultants. He has 45 years of experience in toxicologic pathology and regulatory toxicology. During his tenure with CIBA and Novartis, he held a series of positions of increasing responsibility to eventually become Director, Translational Sciences, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Preclinical Safety/Department of Pathology. His professional experience was broadened as an Exchange Scientist with CIBA in Basel, Switzerland (1987-88). Among other professional activities, he participated in the team teaching of Pathology as Adjunct Professor in the School of Allied Health Sciences at the UMDNJ from 1999 – 2006. Beginning in 1986 he served as an International Project Team Preclinical Safety representative for several compounds in development, including two successfully marketed (blockbuster) 2nd and 3rd generation bisphosphonates developed to ameliorate bone loss, Aredia® and Zometa®. In this capacity he authored extensive safety summaries in support of IND/NDA/CTX drug submissions and represented the company as a preclinical safety expert before regulatory agencies (FDA and EMEA). For these successes, he was awarded The President’s Distinguished Scientist Citation (’95) and The President’s Distinguished Fellow Award (’02). Post-retirement, Robert continues to remain active in toxicologic pathology and non-clinical safety having established a consultancy RSPathologics, LLC in 2013. He recently co-edited The Illustrated Dictionary of Toxicologic Pathology and Safety Science (CRC Press) which was considered the first of its kind published work in the non-clinical safety community. Post-publication, the book ranked #5 among top 100 toxicology books of all time by Bookauthority https://bookauthority.org/about. Robert is co-editing two upcoming works: 1) Toxicologic Pathology: A Primer; and 2) Toxicologic Pathology: An Atlas, both anticipated for publication in 2023. In addition, he performs occasional book proposal reviews for the CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group. He has been a member of several high-profile groups including the Society of Toxicologic Pathology’s Science and Regulatory Policy Committee, the STP Membership, Fundraising and Tox/Path Forum Committees, and the European Society of Toxicologic Pathology Committee on the impact of AI (Artificial Intelligence) on Toxicologic Pathology.